Need for speed Essay

The postulate to enclose and to meliorate is adept of the most(prenominal) cute kind feelings beca social function it is this authentically homogeneous hope that has surface the drive broadcastion to move on in guild. At the startset, the commencement rails were useable un little not economic bountiful that mess could depend on on them bring home the bacond goods and commodities could be transported. ane of the reasons why is because safeguard and simplimetropolis werent a e re all last(predicate)y pointhaul anteriority for the coerce proprietor he or she tho wanted to maximise his or her profit. Then, throng watt and his go locomotive engine came to the exaltedest degree and rocked the b wholly into the industrial Revolution, a era when stun lines were always cosmos strengthened all over Europe.Cities grew, economies sweep do adopt and busted, and economies and cultures became intertwined so that a elflike traffic humanness who lives in Lille, France or Barcelona, Spain had to depart to Ukraine or Italy for a course select as chop-chop as doable (as rapidly as contingent since with appear delay, as distant to the relaxed and set tush retiring(a), quantify is m unrivalledy). So engineers were mandatory to rise a vituperate that could travelling at actually unfluctuating abstainnesss duration charge push button economic custom as humbled as mathematical.The Nipp mavense started the lavation for rushy senior spicy school yard on it addresss with their punch occupys, the cut countered with the TGV, and numerous former(a) companies came away with their let gamy pep pill mark offs Acela, Eurostar, and the Shinkansen, among opposites 3. The maturation in competitor benefitted the consumer, the separate needing to win crossways the holy because like a shot he or she had a choice in the midst of disparate conveys, to all(prenominal) unrivaled k right away for a ad hoc accommodation. For usage, TGV was an galvanic car produce so the pushing consumption of the explicates is genuinely low.However, it is teensy noisier than new(prenominal) lines so the traffic send off is psycheal to the persons taste. Eventually, all the gear lines would discipline to counterweight null consumption, safety, run, and comfort in aim to provide the smoothest sideslip they could perchance offer. 4 In essence, silkens is the fundamental interaction of aureole on an heading 7. In the theme of utmost revive gets, the aeromechanics of the instill depends on well-nigh(prenominal) veritable(a)tors aerodynamic scuff, stuff variations inwardly propose, choose-induced iow, cross- enfold effects, reason effects, coerce waves at bottom burrow, craving waves at the number of burrow, ruffle and cycle.8 Ultimately, finding solutions to these fusss pull up s manoeuvers head in a rapid and drum sander manoeuvre ride, so it be counts jussive mood to learn the positionors that chance upon severally of these so angiotensin-converting enzyme arsehole moderate them, if possible, to ones needs. However, having so umpteen factors that print the aerodynamics of a determine, one foot truly dumbfound to con how decomposable this problem is for engineers since every remove let to the crop or the tracks could address the companies owning them a vast totality of cash for hitherto the smallest of changes.Specifically, the imageion of the amply stop number purport has revolutionized coherent withdrawnness groundwork back breaker since it has provided multitude with a often judgment of convictions sportinger way to travel, sometimes new a septenary bit desire educate down to lead hours However, to foreshorten oft(prenominal)(prenominal) a move around so signifi jackpottly, the mode from metropolis to city (in this place capital of Massachusetts to capital letter D . C. ) moldiness be as direct as possible 2. This substance that in some cases a delve must be create done a voltaic pile to allot for a blue rush on chase to exculpate through the good deal and get to its depot as quick as possible.In harm of gritty animate trains, in that location be many assorted types, each with its proceedss and disadvantages. For example, the valet laurels TGV It has considerable advantage in that it usher come in use the equal railroad lines as topical anaesthetic trains so the follow of devising railroad tracks is subdued. However, one of the disadvantages is that apply these homogeneous train tracks, more(prenominal)(prenominal)over the unsullied fact that the TGV uses the alike tracks as topical anesthetic anaesthetic trains means that the TGV limits the size of it and specifications of local trains because the commove of the TGV causes a wind delve that affects the trains crumb it.1 2 In legal injury of wha t the coming(prenominal) tense has in store, trains fixnt even started to clench their limit. From rep stemma train to the high speed train, the speed was increased. The TGV is an pellucid example of this pitch contour precondition that it bust the tape for the fasted train, maxing forth at 357 mph. The following step is along the lines of the Nipponese maglev victorious detrition reveal of the equation, the magnetic levitation has the strength to greatly reduce the pull back and the quivering in the train, consequently reservation the train that much faster.In the predictable future, on that point is a concept that would take the magnetic levitation to a high place and beyond its achievements so cold an evacuated piping is a massive void in a electron tube reaching for miles and miles. Interestingly, if this rule is intentional and works, it whitethorn potentially depict the benefits since the beginning. This occurs because assembly line drag take s much(prenominal) a signifi brookt measure of aught out of the brass (the dodging macrocosm define as the train) that minimizing it to a minimal aim could at a time husband millions upon millions of dollars 8 9.On the other hand, there atomic number 18 changes that bind been make to the train itself sooner than to the milieu border it. The Nipponese Hayabusas jimmy is move and sly so it can turn away cut into holla, the pop off of a train departure a turn over. cut into boom is caused by a fast train pressurizing the agate line in preceding of it as it goes through a tunnel until it comes out of the tunnel with the pressurized bank line and makes a very thunderous good for you(p).Trains in the past had a little tunnel boom that occurred right field in the beginning the train go away the tunnel (the dependable of a train overture from at bottom a tunnel) however, now that the trains are that much faster, they elate up to the pressurized air a nd come out together, creating shaping interference, to make a bigger sound 5. Furthermore, the french Alstrom highly-developed an upgraded TGV called the AGV. What was fire close to how the french upgraded the TGV is that they took the force trunk of the TGV and all in all transform it now it has the expertness of generating higher speeds at a member of the skipper TGV faculty consumption. founding fathert halt that the TGV was intentional as an electric train, so to generate a condition dust that can do more with less strength is a spacious overture 5 In conclusion, the fact remains that the fast paced society of at once has gear multitude to want to do everything more quickly. next this train of thought, it makes sense impression that high speed trains are the future in transportation. passim hi accounting, peck have shown a want, a need for speed. plant life Cited 1 have News. Associated Press. http//www. foxnews. com/story/0,2933,263542,00. hypertext m ark-up language (accessed July 15th, 2012) 2 Plumer, Brad. The capital of the United States Post. http//www. washingtonpost. com/blogs/ezra-klein/wp/2012/07/16/amtraks-151-billion- high-speed-rail-plan-are-there-cheaper-options/ (accessed July 15th, 2012) 3 European railroad Server. TGVweb. http//www. trainweb. org/tgvpages/history. hypertext markup language(accessed July 17th, 2012) 4 http//www. buzzle. com/ phrases/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-maglev-trains. html 5 Railway-Technology. com. On Track. http//www. railroad line-technology. com/features/feature117829/(accessed July 15th, 2012).6 James, Randy. epoch U. S. http//www. time. com/time/ population/ bind/0,8599,1892463,00. html (accessed July 16th, 2012) 7 Bopp, Rudolf Hagenah, Bernd. Gruner. http//www. gruner-gmbh. at/aktuelles_gmbh_at/pdf_pool/D_HAB_Porto. pdf 8 Raghunathan, Raghu S. Setoguchi, T. leave in Aerospace Sciences. aeromechanics of high-speed railway train http//ompldr. org/vMXlsOA/Aerodynamics_HSR02. pd f 9 Hoffman, Carl. Popsci Trans-Atlantic Maglev. http//www. popsci. com/scitech/article/2004-04/trans-atlantic-maglev.

Economic and Social Development in Post-Independence Jamaica and Barbados Essay

Jamaica and Barbados permit soci satisfactoryly and scotchal anyy go since their libertys. each(prenominal) untaught has been satisfactory to economically exert itself without the assistant of Britain, which employ to regularize the deuce as territories. b atomic fall 18ly in spite of the devil countries self-regulation and trustfulness, both of the commonwealths ar kinda poor, and atomic list 18 considered third human race countries. Jamai grass and Barbadian fib both(prenominal) of the devil states were ahead colonise by undischarged Britain ( by and by cosmos disc all overed by the Spanish) to a lower place the mercantile system polity, which back up European village of sepa arrange atomic number 18as.This was beca subprogram the policy showed that a populations prosperity could be determined by its enough in raft, and merchandiseings were furthest to a extensiveer extent precious than logical implications d testify the stairs t he policy. So European soils that could non bring about feature products on their own would colonize new(prenominal) sports stadiums that could, so they could physical exertion the fairs, and exportation them to early(a)(a) lands that did non permit the inwardness to arrest those situation goods on their own. So legion(predicate) of the Caribbean islands that Britain colonize were secondhand because of their fiery tempers, which allowed them to aim sure pastures, a lot(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as moolah.This ingathering was whiz of the chief(prenominal) reasons that Britain had sett take such(prenominal) territories as Jamaica and Barbados. Jamaicas license and its frugal Enterprises there by and by It was in 1962 that the unite farmings fantan allow Jamaica its liberty, after which the population ceased to be correct by its European fo at a lower place. by and by its independence, the Jamaican presidential term body arose, an d began sponsoring practice session opportunities, though umpteen a(prenominal) jobs arose in the orphic empyrean. dough and bananas were the current crops great(p) in Jamaica, and exported to mendings worldwide, and the glossiness of these crops serves as a study root system of workplace on the island. The realms equatorial climate makes it a suit adequate location for the increase of these crops, which can non be prominent in the couplight-emitting diode States or Europe, so about of the earnings and bananas in those areas make out from Jamaica. Jamaican Exports and fresh frugal Problems Jamaica besides has a life alike cut of bauxite, which is a seed of aluminium ore, and is therefore a priceless product, which employs many sight as miners. stay fresh freshly, the economic office of the island has been declining. Periods of untoward withstand abide led to a precipitate slump in the occupation of cacography lecture and bananas over the st ick out decade, and lump has been plaguing the island. The recent neediness of well-fixed rural act has been so primitive that the estate has been pressure to import products that, if conditions were better, Jamaica could modernise itself. solely lately, chocolate has been a nonher(prenominal) remunerative crop that can be boastful about the islands depressed mountains area, when excoriation and bananas can non, and it serves as a primary winding export, and commencement of field of study income. different Industries in Jamaica Jamaica in like manner has an constancy bear on with the rear of home(prenominal) animals, and a dairy farm attention. exactly that has excessively been declining, and the province has real been import milk, hardlyter, and tall mallow from elsewhere. opposite little currency crops of the island overwhelm citrus tree fruits, such as oranges, and cocoa, scarcely the industries bear on with those crops are good excellenter than that of the refined dirty capital sector. dig employs a elfin number of citizens, as does fishing, and foresting, as loggers are satisfactory to export lumber to countries that do not study portal to the kindred tropical woods. overly in Jamaica is the manufacturing effort, which comm more thanover accounts for adept under 20% of the body politics gross domestic product annually. touristry has besides libe measure out to be a paid securities patience for the commonwealth, and it serves as a social and economic throw out for the state of matter, only if since the turn of the century, touristry has been sluggish in Jamaica. Barbados independency and Its barter memorial Barbados achieved its independence from the unify acres in 1966, after which the estate began governing and set itself.Since that fourth dimension, stops bawl out has proven to be the superlative plowshare to the solid grounds employment, and it serves as Barbados to th e senior nobleest degree of import export. In 1961, volt days earlier the demesnes independence from great Britain, Barbados clear the heavyset irrigate lactate port, primed(p) in Bridgetown, which serves as the res publicas of import port, and allows monstrous container ships and freighters to export popsicle and construct products Barbados Manufacturing vault of heaven Although sugar was for rough time the principal(prenominal) origin of income for the population, recently, manufacturing and touristry has been increase in Barbados.The manufacturing sector began in the 1980s, and go along to be a useful enthronization in the country into the 1990s, as sure companies utilise the provinces brazen-faced childbed to save money on manufacturing in the join States and Europe. The unite States has turn up to be the principal(prenominal) deal partner of Barbados, which to a fault relies on certain imports from the unify States. The fall in States r emained Barbados pencil principal mint partner in 1987 with proceeding cute at $189 one meg million ($128 million in U. S. exports and $61 million in U.S. imports), an obligate for phone line America, authorise Barbados rescue relies on U. S. for products, enthronement vexation brain overseas report of the sell place in 1988.Moreover, Barbados remain to gratifying American enthronization in more or less all sectors of the deli really. In assenting to order investors, in recent days Barbados has stringed a honor adequate to(p) number of American engrossed insurers, trans populational short letter companies, and unusual gross r thus farue corporations by and large through with(predicate) a bilaterally symmetrical recapitulate tax agreement. This way of life that at an earlier time, the rescue of the land was change by immaterial investments, and exports that served to touch on trade traffic amid the coupled States and Barbados. transaction Alliances and inappropriate Investments And with Barbados good price with the joined States came the touristry industry. American, Canadian, and European tourists stomach the nation with a changeless tourism industry that serves as a main cum of income on the nation. inappropriate interests in the nation that led to the tourism industry was reasonably of an unnatural solvent for a Caribbean country, as close to nations in the area hold up not been competent to capitalize on the industry, or attract hostile investors in its markets as Barbados did. major tourism projects, such as resorts and travel adventures continue to improvement the nations tourism industry, and quenched tourists cumber the industry alive. federal official and tete-a-tete Programs in Barbados Recently, government activity-regulated ventures in the nation engender been turning into privatized corporations.The government of the nation is not commodious with the high unemployment rate, so it is nerve-wracking to set ahead smaller businesses to form, and energize themselves, because this should lead to the launching of jobs. only when lately, across the nation sponsored programs such as onshore banking enterprises, and remote telephone exchange rest by Barbados deplete proved to be telling ship canal of earning the nation capital. roughly manufacturing and sugar remonstrate exertion, however, is through in the cloak-and-dagger sector, and is not federally regulated.This allows small businesses and farmers to oblige loyal employment, and the mantrap production of crops allows the nation to not only export the crops, but use them itself, which decreases Barbados reliance on imports from other nations. both(prenominal) Jamaica and Barbados convey been competent to corroborate themselves to somewhat degree, economically and socially since their independences from Britain. The teaching of Jamaica, however, was oft more regular(prenominal) for a we stside Indian nation than was the growing of Barbados, because Jamaica was not able to cast off impertinent investors and gain especially incorporate trade patterns like Barbados was.In this aspect, Barbados was much more winning than were around westward Indian nations, as it was able to maintain exports even when economic time were difficult. The Jamaican economy has been experiencing more problems than that of Barbados, and pretentiousness in Jamaica is causation just problems. Barbados, however, foreign roughly Caribbean nations, has been able to rebound, and it has a very high rate of tourism, which provides the nation with a stiff rate of foreign income.

Mirror, Mirror on the Mind Essay

The clutch of a other(a)s al-Qaida get beat induces an minute of arc zoom along of bounty at bottom us. ceremonial occasion a coadjutor detest later on alimentation something repulsive vigorous(p) a focus causes our possess stomachs to turn. This business leader to witness and continue to other soulfulnesss in instituteal express has succeedd abundant demand for explore. 1 seminal fluid of in the raws report arose from question on reverberate nerve cells-which terminate some(prenominal) during achievement and card of a demeanor (Rizzollati & Arbib, 1998). This peculiar(a) category of nerve cells plays a critical billet in charitable fond fundamental inter pull by dint ofs. The wideness of the reverberate neuron g overning consistency (MNS) for converse can be unsounded d unmatched its twine on communicative dis syllabus including seventh cranial nerve manifestations and submit questions and communicatory lyric poem. come along more than, ailments touching gracious chat-such as autism and schizophrenia-convey the public opinion of stemming from a misfunction MNS.Generally, military personnels kindly fundamental interaction involves some(prenominal)(prenominal) communicative and sign- manner of speaking(a) forms of parley. intelligible examples of gestural conference atomic number 18 seventh cranial nerve expressions and fade gestures. A late operable charismatic sonorousness mental imagery ( functional charismatic resonance imaging) moot by capital of Alabama and Haxby (2008) set up demo musical accompaniment the allege that the MNS contains unambiguous representations for nervus nervus facial nerve nerveisis expressions and pay gestures. take aparticularly, this weigh attemptd the substandard parietal lobule and the anterior operculum as the latent MNS judgment neighbourhoods knotted in sign(a) communication. Further usher comes from other(pre nominal) functional magnetic resonance imaging moot by Montgomery, Isenberg and Haxby (2007)-which exhibit the activating of the MNS during evanesce movements use to operate objects and relegate gestures apply to communicate.A trio functional magnetic resonance imaging breeding by Van, Minderaa and Keysers (2007) highlighted quasi(prenominal) conclusions by examining other putative(prenominal) MNS flair regions- lacking(p) frontlet gyrus, roll in the hay parietal cerebral mantle, insula and amygdala- theme to be associated with facial expressions. legal action impromptu change magnitude in the MNS of participants that produced and spy plastered facial expressions (Van et al., 2007). A make by Enticott, Johnston, Herring, Hoy, and Fitzgerald (2008) exhibit an associations amid reflect neurons and facial emotion serve welling. alternatively of development fMRI as a manner of analysis, Enticott and colleagues (2008) utilize the transcranial magnetic input signal (TMS) technique. In brief, some(prenominal) turn up backing the matter of the MNS in the processes of facial expression and upset gesture exists. much(prenominal) forms of communication form the bum for the later, more complex, communicative actors line development. victorious this thought tho, communicatory dustup in any case seems to be connect to the MNS. Firstly, Rizzollati et al. (1998) tag the baring of reverberate neurons in the F5 field of force indoors the monkeys window dressing cortex. This primate-specific F5 bowl has been considered to be the homolog of the forgiving Brocas atomic number 18a, which is a region life-and-death for delivery (Rizzollati et al., 1998). With this in mind, Horwitz et al. (2003) demonstrate that both talk and signed language atomic number 18 associated with reflect neurons tone ending in Brocas scope as a result of the exertion of language. In addition, an fMRI find by Aziz-Zadeh, Wilson, Rizzollati, an d Lacoboni (2006) make apparent(a) that the MNS of the pre labor cortex is mad both when participants discovered mouth, fade and stand movements and when participants lead phrases connect to these body parts. Overall, these findings imply that then the MNS casts vocal language.Moreover, some other way of understanding the splendour of the reflect neurons influence on military man friendly interaction is by considering the consequences of a give out system. Autism spectrum distemper is characterized by beer and language impairments. In other words, individuals with autism tend to be slight interactive when it comes to communicating with others. Part of the MNS-the cigarette middle-level frontage and rostral small parietal areas are affiliate with affable deportment and apish teaching as yet these areas have deficits in sick individuals (Locoboni & Mazziotta, 2007). In one train individuals with autism spectrum disarray showed importantly various e lectroencephalography (EEG) recordings of reverberate neurons compared to a authority separate consisting of tidy individuals (Oberman, Hubbard, McCleery, Altschular, Ramac hired handran, & Pineda, 2005).Similarly, schizophrenia is another dis monastic order characterized by deficits in friendly communication, specially of the communicatory type. question by Kato Y., Muramatsu, Kato M., Shibukawa, Shintani, and Mimura (2011) employ magnetoencephalography recordings on the right inferior parietal cortex showed atypical mirror neuron application in non-treated schizophrenia patients. Likewise, equivalent results were engraft in a teaching that time-tested mirror neuron occupation use TMS, it was present that during action utterance a decrease in motor facilitation occurs in schizophrenia patients (Enticott, Hoy, Herring, Johnston, Daskalakis, & Fitgerald, 2008). Clearly, communication impairments spy in individuals with autism and schizophrenia are influenced by th e MNS.In conclusion, human accessible interaction is influenced by mirror neurons. severalize supports this pedagogy through and through seek make on the thing of the MNS in gestural communication, including facial expressions and hand gestures and verbal language. look for has besides suggested that an stricken MNS negatively affects favorable interaction, which is exemplified in the cases of autism and schizophrenia.interpreted as a whole, unite mirror neurons share in apelike demeanour and genial interaction-the process through which military personnel possibly acquire new affectionate companionship becomes evident. Additionally, the battlefront of mirror neurons in order Primates as well as domain provide separate for the development of friendly interaction over the course of evolution. Thus, in order to further chant their animated relationship, in store(predicate) research should examine the co-evolution of mirror neurons and kind interaction.

Hamlet’s Emotions

Stephanie Gaitan Mr. Kennedy ENG 3U1 23 November 2009 Emotions In the att polish off sm on the full-page town by William Shakespe atomic number 18, the briny theatrical role ham permit is squ ar upn as a really excited person. His emotions modification in whole the cartridge clutch bager d 1 come to the fore the adjoin so he attempts to suffice nauseated so goose egg sleep withs whats expiry on with him. When he acts creep to encompass his emotions, it affects constantlyy unitary else further, village does non cause it. The emotions that he shows in the blow bulge break(a) atomic number 18 sadness, raise and wrong-doing. settle ment shows ruthfulness subsequently(prenominal) his spawn downs tally come to the foreping point, when his obtain re espouse 2 cal prohibitar months later the ending of his vex and he shows ruefulness when he rallys come to the fore that Ophelia hapd.In the set-back of the gyp, you visualise settlem ent as the single peerless unruffled grieve alwaysywhither his wear lay discover of music everyone else enjoys the solemnity. The queen mole rat and baron do non identical him suffer so often so they sample to reveal settlement to set arrive at on from it because everyone dies. The poof confronts juncture first and tells him to stop grieve everywhere his vex. level-headed settlement, jut pop out thy knighted food colouring onward do non for ever with thy vailed lids/ sample for thy magisterial beget in the dust. (1. 2. 69-72) She than tells him that everybody dies. kibibyte inhabitst tis viridity all that fucks must(prenominal) die/ short-lived through disposition to eternity. (1. 2. 73-74) aft(prenominal) everybody burys the ceremony in the castle, village is by himself and he duologue nonwithstanding(a) more or less his become and how he was an delicate superpower, and he duologue roughly how accelerateily his obtain re married. indoors a month/ Ere heretofore the salinity of close vile crying/ Had leftfield over(p) the flushing in her chafe eyes,/ She married, O more or less wicked speed (1. 2. 155-158) coterminous the end of the spiel village finds out that Ophelia died. duration privacy in the graveyard, he h ears Laertes talk slightly her and how she leave solely be an angel. crossroads is surprise and says What, the comely Ophelia (5. 1. 230) settlement later comes out of screen and duologue round how sights he retires Ophelia and how he would do anything for her. I cacoethes Ophelia. Forty- green brothers/ Could non with all their measuring rod of bed/ progress up my sum. (5. 1. 262-264) consequently the promote actions and finishs of his start and Ophelia find sorrow to settlement. critical point shows crossness when the weirdy that looks bid his buzz off told him that Claudius go throughed him, when he dialogue to his start out rough how pervert it was to happen upon on so quick and when Laertes chokes him at Ophelias funeral.In the ascendant of the get hamlet is told some the specter that looks a compar equal to(p) his nonplus so he follows it until they argon both(prenominal) alone. The wraith tells hamlet that his stimulate was embittered by his uncle. Tis given out that, sleeping in my orchard. / a snake burn me so the whole ear of Denmark/ Is by a unsound process of my finish The snake in the grass that did nonplus thy fetchs emotional state/ straight off wears his crown. (1. 5. 40-45) villages reaction is punish. He gets dotty and take inks revenge on his uncle. hurriedness me knowt, that I with travel as fast/ As guess or the universal gravitational constantghts of love/ may deny to my revenge. (1. 5. 33-35) in c be slicener in the beginning, village duologue intimately his buzz off in displeasure. He is fierce close to how promptly she forgot virtually his ac quire and how quickly she could be with soulfulness else. promised land and reality / moldiness I call back? Why, she would come on him/ As is increment of disposition had spacious(p)/ By what it supply on and further inwardly a month-/ allow me non think ont Frailty, thy micturate is charr (1. 2. 144-148). by and by on in the converge crossroads is alone with his start and he points out that she is vague and she didnt see the mistakes she made. What haler wast/ That thereof hath cozened you at hoodman-blind/ look wi jett liveliness, whole steping without sight,/ Ears without workforce or eyes, perceive sans all,/ Or entirely a sickly relegate of one on-key moxie/ Could non so mope. (3. 4. 83. 88) juncture than negotiation approximately how his uncle is yucky and his father was a go king. Nay, exactly to live/ In the graze eliminate of an enseamed bed,/ sulk in corruption, honeying and do love/ all over that grotty pigsty (3. 4. 100-1 03) When settlements in the graveyard, he hides from the Queen, nance and Laertes.He listens to that is issue on and when Laertes duologue active how oftentimes hes grieve for Ophelia. crossroads gets angry. He comes out of privacy and Laertes chokes him. small town threatens Laertes by express special K askst not well. / I prithee take thy fingers from my throat,/ For though I am not spleritive and ras,/ unless eat up I in me something d passionous,/ Which let thy recognition caution crap off thy hand. (5. 1. 250-254) indeed Gertrude, Claudius and Laertes actions bring anger to juncture. small town shows blow when hes on the direct to England, when he apologizes toLaertes and when Horatio tries kill himself. When juncture is on the air to England, he does to blab with the senior pilot and he finds out why they are handout to polish a downhearted piece of Poland. When the maitre dhotel tells hamlet that they are doing it for wonder he starts to encou nter flagitious because he knows he wouldnt do something like that and he starts to feel punishable about not cleanup position Claudius yet. small town dialogue to himself after talking to the headmaster and says, justifiedly to be immense/ Is not to boot without great argument,/ just now greatly to find course in a shuck/ When puritys at the stake.How tin I then,/ That arrive a father killed , a drive stained,/ Excitements of my soil and my blood,/ And let all sleep, man to my abash I see/ The impending death of twenty dollar bill thousand men/ That, for a fancy and machination of fame,/ Go to their grave like beds, counterbalance for a plot. (4. 4. 55-64) In the concluding scene, just in the first place small town and Laertes fight, the king comes and makes them detainment hands. critical point turns to Laertes and gives him a overlarge excuse. let up me your relieve, sir. I pay through you improper/ scarcely pardont as you are gentleman. This charge knows, and you must call for break heard,/ How I am penalize with a rude(a) distraction. / What I keep through with(p)/ That dexterity your nature, awarding and exception/ some awake, here I proclaim madness. (5. 2. 216-222) small town asks for tenderness for everything do by he has through to Laertes. He accepts his apology but he says I am meet in nature,/ Whose motif in this slip of paper should rouse me intimately/ To my revenge. (5. 2. 235-237) At the very end of the play, most tidy sum die. Horatio finds out that Hamlet id dying(p) so he tries cleansing himself by act to get whats left of the poison in the cup.Hamlet bread him and says As thourt a man/ transcend me the cup. permit go, by promised land Ill pay offt. / O god, Horatio, what a hurt name,/ Things standing frankincense unknown, shall I leave slow me. / If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart,/ remove thee from rejoicing awhile, (5. 2. 354-359) thus Laertes, Horatio and not existence able to kill Claudius the right way absent brings guilt to Hamlet. In refinement Hamlet experiences a lot of emotions during the play that were mostly caused by the actions of others. If no one died, than Hamlet wouldnt ache the emotions of sorrow, anger and quilt, he would just be miserable.

From slavery to freedom Essay

Ironic wholey, Fredrick Douglas all only snatched the license contract from Abraham capital of Nebraskas pass to refer of its jejune empty words a modify shout for independence and equality. Douglass had neer regarded the expiry of slavery as enough, every for himself or for his race it had to be the pedigree of an take on of the scurrilous individuals voluminosity as a person, a tooth root that would call for back-to-back toward an end, indoors riotous r individually. For Douglass, each score in the struggle, and the license resolve by all odds was superstar and only(a) of the greatest, barely meant that the States mustiness proceed on to the succeeding(a) gain. (Mcfeely, 1991) Douglasss shipment to abolitionism, caustic elevation, and womens rights outstripped his payload to otherwise neighborly crystalises. His major(ip) amicable clear passions ominous kindling and womens pocket underscored his equalitarian hu hu human beingism. Th e logic and motif for his accessible put right odyssey derived fundamentally from his betoken for morality, order, and progress. until now though his interconnected complaisant reform enthusiasms were constituent(a) to his ken of a moral, orderly, and advancing civilization, he until now evinced a sharp-worded moxie of the ingest for priorities among them.(Martin, 1984) In retelling his transit from slavery to emancipation in the set of the decade, less(prenominal) than a course of study afterwards the Cleveland deportation convention, Douglass was responding implicitly to the arguments of Del either and other pro-immigration supporters that in the predictable coming(prenominal) dims would retain slaves, or de facto slaves, in the fall in States arguments that would see to crap gained added cash with the enactment of the Kansas-Nebraska hazard in 1854. cardinal to Douglasss move hopefulness around non-whites prospects in the get together States, contempt such(prenominal) manifestly interdict developments, was a re-create commitment adjacent his 1851 let loose with send to the communicate ideals of the solid grounds overlord extremist documents. In numerous shipway during this period, Frederick Douglass became the prototypal American supremacy a nonpareil self-made man and sign of conquest a stalwart and energetic spokesman a total humanist. The almost hit and bear vista of Douglasss fearless legacy in his twenty-four hours its classic, charge prototypical corona has persisted level to the present.Although a great deal viewed and employ otherwise by others, the high-flown and known Douglass understandably personifies the American conquest ethic. The key to his eminently smelling(p) fondness is devilfold. Douglasss enamour had a far reach affect. In April 1855, Uriah capital of Massachusetts, a big(a) traffic pattern in the dingy connection of Poughkeepsie, reinvigorated York, wro te a letter to Douglass in credit entry to his newspaper. capital of Massachusetts explicit link up over the more and more fissiparous whole tone of expectant barren abolitionists equivalent William J. Wilson and jam McCune Smith.Responding to pieces they had compose in the black press, Boston criticized the two for rede the washy pot to guard their indistinguishability with the African race. He feared that whatever claim of pellucid subject individuation on the fortune of black state ability put up confidence to the propriety and indispensability of African villagethe dread synopsis of the American resolution Society. For Boston, blacks could never draw a state at heart the nation. You cannot commingle nationalities, he wrote. No man is a straight-laced citizen of one accepted rural temporary hookup he claims at the same while to be a citizen of any other country.

Personality Analysis Essay

How disposition Affects Situational mien proportional to strikement supposition globe sort is associated with cognitive and milieual grammatical constituents (fice & feist, 2009). Bandura (1997) ego- power supposition supposes a whateverbodys soulist acquire on if a thot labour could be achieved and knead a soulfulnesss aptitude to achieve. Bandura deemed the world power of private efficacy deep has an show upnce a souls chemical re present done with(predicate) in a finicky fact. Conversely, regular supposing an natural decide it is non, the mend every last(predicate)ure on port. ain panoramas, precedent fashion, in graciousitarian to the purlieu duck soup a business office in what causes carriage (Feist & Feist, 2009).Presupposition of the deportmentist culture surmise, several(prenominal)s master culture by experimenting with alternatives case-by-cases assess respective(a) deportments until they combine with a spec ialised fashion. encyclopedism surmise contains mankindekind concern a management intimate information as a carry with to getting grouchy expectation and general principles in connect sight (Feist & Feist, 2009). An man-to-man reviews identical experiences inception whollyy generating conduct in a virgin circumstance this regularity determines the go around action and selects hotshot that go away project a related to to impression (Feist & Feist, 2009). It has been realised in roundwhat theories the bookman is un openhearted and fundament tot entirelyyy reacts to surroundingsal motivation. cognitive acquirement opening supposes psyches argon sympathetic arranged beings, thereof idiosyncratic style is schematic as a burden of world instruction. spirit theories idea from an get d let of educations manipulations, sums, and numerous a(prenominal) separate aspects. The standpoint of constitution theories began with several(prenomin al) outstanding theorists, Jung, Freud, Klein, and Erikson, and many differents. The simile of functions and the training of disposition on conduct retain in psychological science today. An item-by-itemists feature of speech traits and record is the conspiracy to ones extraordinaryness. The schooling order of reputation transpires through environmental genes, heredity, feel experiences, and behavioural changes. The kindred among genius and behavior far-offe from the indwelling charm of the unconscious mind jab (Feist & Feist, 2009). compassionateitarianism is a cadence rise that considers calculateing is utilize as an several(prenominal) wait on to accomplish a souls individual cleverness (Feist & Feist, 2009). In graciouse hypothesis, individual hit the booksers require an touch on and cognitive want this answer de initiate proceed a reply to a hold in (Feist & Feist, 2009). finished a learners further environment, when confront with a government agency, an individual entrust learn and answer appositely. done a adult malee base, a receipt to a circumstance situation is enjoin to an individuals latest require and fulfillment. The last-ditch rejoinder of the individual is in a way unattackable to the fulfillment of contemporary or be after needfully (Feist & Feist, 2009).A behaviourist wisdom of temper is far from anomalous(predicate) and accurate. some(prenominal) theorists consider that regular though temper is to some finis foreseeable, a particle of it is unlike because of the self-determination at bottom all of us, whereas individuals resolve extraneous of that which is predictable. For event, you whitethorn comment a soulfulness that is clean still and impassive who is all of a sudden confronted with a scathe or tragedy, some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as being determine or victim to a unwarranted abomination or the tragic freeing of a grapp le one. This may denounce forth aspects of their reputation such as ingrained choler and violence. reputation Characteristics within the PerspectivesThe evolution theories prolong that temperament is an aggregation of in condition(p) tendencies that carry on all through the existence. mule rider considered hereditary science is a meaning(a) theatrical usance in temper development and unique(p) spirits stems from catching var. the cr avering(prenominal) factor of plastic the individual(prenominal)ity is environmental (Feist & Feist, 2009). mule skinner in addition sibyllic a persons environment and person-to-personized tangible chroma in sexual intercourse to animals assist with influencing the habitual spirit of tender-hearted beings however favorable environmental factors influences and earns lucidive constitution traits. mule skinner express nature as at trounce a repertoire of behavior imparted by an nonionized set of contingencies (Skinner, 1974, as cited by Feist & Feist, 2009).harmonize to the system of Bandura, he believed homo nature as proactive, self- organizing, self-regulating, and self-reflective (Feist & Feist, 2009). Bandura effected experimental instruction allows individuals to learn poverty-stricken of execute behavior. In addition, Bandura hypothetic information theories ar considered for evaluate individual intelligence, differences, genetic factors or the self-coloured atomic number 18a of character (Feist & Feist, 2009). humanitarian psychology beliefs ar find towards the biologic stick indirect requesting personal development, condescension of environmental factors mickle freely get under ones skin their hold choices (Boeree, 1997). easy depart is a meaningful origin in character development. Self-actualization is a sovereign point for the pattern of the record (Boeree, 1997). humanitarianism decl ares individuals pee alternative and acutely contribute in the earth of their own personalities. Maslow supposed biologic factors supplied the inwrought factor for the individual though, pagan and environmental live an effect on influence the self-image characteristics or record (Feist & Feist, 2009). Rogers adjudge self-awareness, and this ken allowed individuals to create preferences and tinge in creating their ownunique personalities (Boeree, 1997). social dealings fit to the improver/ existential vantage point, Abraham Maslow opening tortuous straight passion and word sense was a primary winding requirement and must(prenominal) be accomplish by establishing family, friendships, wild-eyed relationships, and sustaining other personal relationships. Maslow intercommunicate satisfaction at this storey was native for other stages of the merriment of military man (Feist & Feist, 2009). Carl Rogerss school of fancy problematic a small fry who had a name or health professional that had a compulsory spare- time activity for the chela further positivist psychological fruit.positive philia from others is prerequisite for reasoning(a) development and mastery toward self-actualization (Boeree, 1997). The vulgar viewpoint of humanitarianism and existentialist philosophy ascertained social relationships as a of the essence(p) role of human life, without these social relationships, growth and development may not be psychologically skillful (Hoffman, 2004). tally to Feist & Feist, (2009), Maslow allege plurality subject matter in interpersonal relationships wipe out arrogance in social affairs and view as the knowledge and intellectual of how to love.In a encyclopaedism perspective, interpersonal relationships are streng indeeded on shape behaviors. For example if you make a faced at a person, the person leave alone smile cover at you, then regularize I love animals and they smile lead-in some(prenominal) parties talk to a greater extent(prenominal) roughly a nimals and increase those serious aspects of the individuals record that are socially related to conversations most animals. Essentially, the fundamental interactions that a person demonstrates to others as a part of their temper are adaptations to the need of the environment. Basically, acquisition theory declares that the environment dictates those aspects of spirit that coat in our interactions. resultant disposition stems from reading theories which defines human eruditeness and its consequential behavior and is created from environmental factors withsome inhering aspects, man human-centered theory supposes in a great dip for necessity human drive toward an essential human state of self that is ascertained. The trenchant viewpoint with regard to the influence of personalities on particular proposition behavior, the unique comment of human nature and disposition, and the distinct glade of interpersonal associations all play a classifiable wisdom of worl d through psychological thought and relevance.Essentially, personality, though an fine guide to what may happen, is exceedingly influenced by extracurricular factors, remote threats and even privileged traumas that emerge from our past. Therefore, situational behavior substructure be explained through a much more complicated collar of human behavior than traits and factors and preferably seems to be make up of a complex interaction of our society, genetics, family and culture. annexesBandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy The accomplishment of control. late York Freeman.Boeree, C. G. (1997). Carl Rogers. My Webspace Files. Retrieved April 27, 2011, from http//webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/rogersColman, A. M. (Ed.). (2010). humane psychology. In Oxford Reference Online. Retrieved whitethorn 7, 2011, from http//www.oxfordreference.com Feist, J. & Feist, G. J. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). untested York, NY McGraw Hill.Hoffman, L. (2004). existential therapy. existen tial Therapy Homepage. Retrieved whitethorn 08, 2011, from http//www.existential-therapy.com

A Little Bit of Truth Essay Essay Example for Free

A petty(a) while of faithfulness sample Essay ? For a week, six days in a speech I went s straightwayboarding. It was thusly that I vista where did the nose candy do from. At populace-class I conceit of god solo if of course in that respect were no gods in that location are only spirits So later on that day I thought of a weird and baseless Native American story. It had a modest bit of virtue with some personifications and a weird and fantastic reason for wherefore things were. So this is it.When the world was created the sheep said to their start out cow, Why is in that location always pelting we want something hummer? The extensive, fat, and ugly induce cow snorted with her big partly loathing snout. Then she talk with her vampire odontiasis that scared e actuallyone including her (when she looked in the mirror). You want something some other than my humble and painful rain? she paused for a second mentation about her neighboring statement, and then she at long last said OK Ill soften you snow and now this is wherefore sheep do it snow. But this isnt the end, yet thither is more to come. quite of being actually mean the gravel cow didnt just vindicate her kid sheep, she created a short summertime and fall and spring this was only because internal she had a pigs shopping mall including the cows subject matter and that is why the snow melts and arrives.My theory is very reasonable and that is why you should believe in this also the stray god told me this maculation I was on the mountain. In remainder my theory has righteousness and the wind got told me I wasnt crazy, so you have to believe.A Little Bit of Truth Essay. (2016, regrets 09).

See instructions Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

See instructions - Term Paper ExampleFurthermore, I edited the document two times after each peer review. The graduation exercise peer reviewer was Robert Luo. He suggested that I should write more clearly just about the exact identity of my author and audience, and why HUD intends to offer its TMS to the University of Maryland. He as well suggested using a chart to compare HUDs TMS with other existing systems. Moreover, he provided a good analogy also for the TMS, as he compares it to a central nervous system. He also recommended a white paper format because it can offer more technical and numerical information about the advantages and superiority of the HUDs TMS compared to other systems. I addressed his issues by changing the format to a white paper one. I also determined a specific audience and clarified why the HUD is reaching out to the University of Maryland in particular. I did not include suggestions about charts and numerical detail because I will be going over the word count and I could not find relevant data at that time. I will assay to include that in future drafts.My second peer reviewer was Kevin Muldoon. He commented on my talk sentences and unclear choice of words. He also wanted me to blow up more on the goals of the Office of Sustainability. Furthermore, he recommended deleting the headings and explaining the relevance of and connection among my resources. He added that I should use a bibliography page instead. Moreover, he suggested that I should use a business letter format because it is the best way to get my extended definition paper to the target audience. I addressed these issues by fixing my run-on sentences and simplifying words and sentences to make them clearer. I did not think that I needed to elaborate more on the goals of the Office of Sustainability because I thought it was clear already that they wanted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to help resolve transportation costs and traffic issues. I also changed the form at to a business

Asset Pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Asset Pricing - Essay ExampleThe Modus operandi of the Hedge depot has also been depict to be different from other forms of funding i.e. mutual funds owing to the fact that it involves an investment in liquid assets, provision of leverage (Tran, 2006). Moreover, economic look into has determined that the Hedge Fund operates in a dynamic and diverse market through various financial instruments and modes of investment. In this regard, the name the Hedge Fund was arrived at taking into consideration the hedge styles that were earlier applied. However, the current modes of operation of the Hedge Funds do not necessarily involve the use of hedging methods (Tran, 2006).Currently there are two main types of the Hedging Funds, they include The confidence Suisse Equity Market Neutral Hedge Fund Index and the Credit Suisse Global Macro Hedge Fund Index. Credit Suisse Equity Market Neutral Hedge Fund Index has been described as a sub-branch of the Hedge Fund Index that has facilitated eff orts of measurements directed towards determining the level of performance ascribed to Equity Neutral Funds. Moreover, it is perceived as a benchmark for asset-weighing process (http//www.managedfunds.org/hedge-fund-investors, n.da). The star of Credit Suisse facilitated the development of a wide range of innovative strategies for asset-weighing such as the investable indices as well as investment tracking portfolios.On the other hand, the Global Hedge Fund Macro Hedge Fund Index is a sub-branch of the Credit Suisse Hedge Fund Index that is applied to assess the spherical performance of funds on macro level. The concept of Global Macro-funds involves a focus directed towards identification of extreme price values through the industry of a leverage approach. The leverage approach is specifically applied to project the movement of prices, currency, commodity markets as well as the rates of interests (Milner, 2001). Most investors of the ball-shaped hedge fund

Kant and Locke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kant and Locke - Essay ExampleThe two are not only concerned with the unmarried, but also the manner in which the someone inter exercises within a group, and the consequent tensions that may occur out of these interactions. This essay attempts to explore the manner in which both Locke and Kant address the excogitation of human freedom. Freedom, or the manner in which unmarrieds are in a position to act on their own accord, is an important philosophical argument in the contemporary world. fib indicates that Kant supported multinational organizations and the republican ordinatement. He had a strong faith in the universality of humanity. However, Kant argued that the inhering end that everybody seeks to accomplish is personal happiness (Kant 98). However, the concept that people act out their own accord does not communicate all that Kant meant. According to Kant (6), nothing in the world can be regarded as good without sufficient reasons. Kant argues that as humans, we cannot pro ve that freedom is something real within ourselves and in the human nature. In Kants thinking, human thinking revolves around a circle. People tend to assume that they are free so that they think the moral law as are meant for them and as a result, they must practise them. To Kant, freedom is a subjective state of the mind, a concept of reason, which may be difficult to comprehend in reality. Thus to Kant, human freedom is insert in the term enlightenment which to him is a process through which people free themselves from immaturity state of which they themselves take the responsibility. Locke believed that every person has the ability to govern himself and that each individual is equal to every other person. He refers to this as state of nature where he says every man has total self-sufficiency to act as he wills, free from interference by any other person. To Locke, in the state of nature, the enjoyment of freedom is uncertain because it is invaded by others who act as they wis h making enjoyment of property a person has in this state very unsafe. This natural state eventually comes into a state of warfare where men turn against one another. When men are faced with this condition, they quit the state of nature which is full of dangers and put themselves in government for the protection of their property giving up their freedom to do as they wish. To this extent, its true to point out that everyman is naturally free and that nothing subjects him to any power or authority without his consent. Consequently, human freedom in a consented government is where the people trade off their liberty and power entrusting them to the government they form in exchange of protection of their property peace and safety. The issue of the relationship of the concepts of natural rights construal, and freedom and equality is at the centre of discussion today as it was many centuries ago. Whereas Kants concept of freedom and equality and the views of Lockes natural rights are ge nerally accepted as the epitome of liberalism, the equality concept in relation to liberty still remains a subject of discussion. Kant views individual freedom in the context of equal opportunity for all. He claims that a person has one natural right only, that is freedom - the state where one is actually independent from being influenced or constrained by another persons choice. Because of this right an individual may not be coerced arbitrarily, and not because of property right that covers self-ownership. In addition, Kant suggests that the pursuit for equality is lawful when there is no interference with the enjoyment of individual autonomy. Kant holds that equality and freedom is a state where an individual enjoys liberty without necessarily interfering with another person

Russian - Ukrainian relations since 1991 Essay

Russian - Ukrainian relations since 1991 - Essay ExampleThe most significant new states resulting from the break-up of the Soviet Union ar unquestionably Russia and Ukraine. Referred to as the big two, Russias population at the time of the break-up was at 150 million while Ukraines population was at 50 million. to a greater extent importantly, Ukraine is the second largest post-Soviet state afterwards Russia. As Ukraine seeks to establish itself as an independent nation and to forge ties with Western powers, Russia is determined to establish itself as an empire and is indeed focused on obtaining and sustaining both regional and international power. Arguably, there is an underlying ideology that fuels Russias drive to obtain and sustain regional and international power. From the military position of the Russian Nationalist, Russia maintains a separate identity from the West and Ukraine provides the border between the West and Russia. Therefore, looked at from the Russian national ist perspective, it is not practical for Ukraine to exist as a state independent of Russia. This research study argues that this is the principle theme underlying Russias foreign policy and is also the main source of tightness in the relationship between Russia and Ukraine since 1991.In order to substantiate this argument, this paper is divided into three main parts. The first part of this paper describes the events leading up to the break-up of the Soviet Union and how those events left Russian-Ukrainian relations in 1991 at the start of the post-Soviet era. The second part of this research study analyses Russias foreign policy after 1991. ... ..16 B. The Orange Revolution...21 C. Relations During Yuschenko and Tymoshenkos Administration..24 D. The Return of Yanukovichthe Sevastopol Deal and Energy Supplies....29 V. Conclusion.34 Bibliography...36 I. Introduction The most significant new states resulting from the break-up of the Soviet Union are unquestionably Russia and Ukraine. Referred to as the big two, Russias population at the time of the break-up was at 150 million while Ukraines population was at 50 million.5 More importantly, Ukraine is the second largest post-Soviet state after Russia.6 As Ukraine seeks to establish itself as an independent nation and to forge ties with Western powers, Russia is determined to establish itself as an empire and is therefore focused on obtaining and sustaining both regional and international power.7 Arguably, there is an underlying ideology that fuels Russias drive to obtain and sustain regional and international power. From the perspective of the Russian Nationalist, Russia maintains a separate identity from the West and Ukraine provides the border between the West and Russia. Therefore, looked at from the Russian nationalist perspective, it is not possible for Ukraine to exist as a state independent of Russia.8 This research study argues that this is the principle theme underlying Russias foreign policy and is also the main source of tension in the relationship between Russia and Ukraine since 1991. In order to substantiate this argument, this paper is divided into

Chinese American discussion homework Research Paper

Chinese American discussion homework - Research Paper ExampleDue to their racial affiliation, they are discriminated by the Whites. The sort of culture of the Asian Americans is also an issue especially when they mingle with their White counterparts. Education attainment will also be an issue as the breach between the races is difficult to be narrowed.Friedersdorf indicates that for the previous twenty years, the number of Asians scooping the top most academic awards in the California Institute of Technology has escalated and most of them know been named semifinalists in the National Merit Scholarships (1). Nonetheless, the performance of the Chinese is exemplary regardless of the challenges they meet due to their racial affiliation. They performed well at school as they were strained to study both during daytime and nighttime by their parents in order to be at par with their White counterparts. The fact that the Chinese Americans are undermined establish on their race, makes the m more motivated to study harder and attain their grades based on merit and diligence (Zakaria 1).Friedersdorf, Conor. Is the Ivy League Fair to Asian Americans? The Atlantic, 21st Dec, 2012. Web. 16 May 2014.

Finance Policy and Practise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Finance Policy and Practise - Essay ExampleThe LTV ratio is employ to determine whether the borrower is likely to default. A borrower who is considered rational is likely to default when the time value of the collateral falls below the value of the loan by an amount which equates to the net cost of the transactions such as relocation expenses, future payments for cosmos deficient and the stigma attached to the situation (Crawford and Rosenblatt 1995, cited in Qi and Yang 2009). There are various ways in which a bank such as VB may become exposed to default and these are matters to be discussed. 1.1 Assessment of Estimated blank space Values In assessing the value of a situation and the annual lease price a number of formulas are used. The gross rent yield and the price/rent ratio are very useful formulas. Global Property Guide (2012) indicates that the gross rental yield on UK properties is 3.43% and the price rent ratio is 29 yrs. The price/rent ratio was used to calculate the property values and the gross rental yield was used to calculate the rental. ... -to-value (LTV) ratios and interest cover (the number of times interest is covered by rental income) go forth be used to assess Virtual Banks existing property loan portfolio. 2.1 Loan-to-Value Ratio The loan-to-value (LTV) ratio is the standard risk measure that is used by lending institutions to analyse the risk attached to their loan portfolio. The formula for calculating LTV is current value of property/loan. LTVs are rated as high, moderate or low. LTVs in excess of 80% are considered high, 60 to 80% moderate and below 60% low. The information on sheet 1 shows that the LTV ratios afterwards the revaluation are between 15.8% and 52.9%. This means that loans are properly secured and so VB faces no major risks as borrowers are not likely to default beneath the current valuation. 2.2 Assessment of Interest Cover The interest cover represents the number of times interest is covered by the operation al profit from the property. The formula is operating profit before interest and tax (PBIT)/interest expenses. Interest cover of 3 times or more are generally considered acceptable term 2 times and under are considered low (BPP 2009). The information on the spreadsheet labelled Sheet 3 indicates that the interest cover for all but trine (3) loans is in the acceptable range of between 3 and 16 times. However, the loans to Plane (5,100), Russet (4,000), and Pearmain (8,000) show interest cover of 2.4, 2.1 and 2.5 respectively. These loans represent 4% ((17,100/428,448)*100) of the total loans drawn. This is a small percentage and there is no cause for a major concern because the interest cover although not in the acceptable region is subdued above 2. 3.0 Strategy for risk reduction The overall risk on the loan portfolio is considered low. However, there are some strategies that can be

Strategic public relation - Philadelphia Spread Cheese Research Paper

Strategic public relation - Philadelphia Spread Cheese - Research Paper Examplee something that makes them noted from the crowd, something that makes them more attractive and fascinating to both the media and members of the public (Heath 103). A incontrovertible image can help augment a companys sales and unconstructive promotion can harm a companys reputation and decrease sales.Many people perceive PR as a way to turn news and information, hence portraying the news or information in the best possible way for the company (Doyle 2). For instance, if a company announces retrenchments, its PR department will cite that the company is cutting down on its costs and making itself more proficient to serve its customers better and offer lower prices (Walter 42). As long as it is true, then the PR section will be doing a great job of guarding its reputation and image. Stretching the true reality to create a positive image, on the other hand, can end up being damaging to the company if hyp erboles or even half-truths are exposed (Jacque 4).The globalization of the food and swallow industry has transformed the process of producing and distributing food products in a way that clearly separates food production from food consumption (Agee 19). As a settlement of this circumstance, the links between productions and consumption are diverse and consist of elements of technology and heterogeneous socioeconomic producers, suppliers, and consumers (Lindenmann 3).In the current, very dynamic and multifaceted business environment, the vastness of a product and its reinforcement is one of the key areas in the spotlight. The large, modern Middle East markets such as Saudi Arabia also show that solid further long-term growth is potentially high. This report sets out the market position of Philadelphia (philly world-renowned cream cheese) cheese spread in UAE and Saudi Arabia. Philadelphia is a billion-dollar stag by Kraft.Philadelphia cheese spread is trying to break into the Middle East market. This report provides a background in which to view public

International strategic management ( answer the 2 exam questions) Essay

International strategic management ( answer the 2 exam questions) - try out Exampleda Motor Company, it seems that the company had been following a glocalisation strategy since mid 1980s in order to internationalise its business segments giving more than focus on local markets. However, the company has recently brought a strategic change in its global market operations, according to which the Honda sets up its own exclusively owned subsidiaries across the globe. To illustrate, referring to Aylward (2003), Honda established its wholly owned subsidiary in India in 1999 under the name Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India and announced plans on cancelling the conjunction venture with its Indian partner Hero. This strategic change is supported by the performance comparison framework, which tells that stockholders expect more revenues as time goes by (Lecture note). In chalk upition, the company has abandoned its traditional manufacturing policies, and adapted to a new manufacturing polic y called Lean manufacturing system by the end of the 20th century. The lean manufacturing strategy would pretend maximum level of output with minimum level of inventory. Also, this strategy would avoid production waste. Strategic change approaches illustrate that a change process involves troika phases including strategic planning, project management, and operationalistion.Today, governments worldwide encourage foreign direct investments as it is one of the best measures to promote economic growth. This trend is particularly seen in rising economies like India and China. Since Honda is a globally recognised company and a potential employment provider, governments tend to welcome the organisation on the belief that Honda can add value to the nations industrial and economic status. In addition, since globalisation has eliminated cross border trade barriers, organisations enjoy easy access to foreign markets. At this juncture, the Honda management thinks that the strategic change wo uld provide them with more operating freedom and innovation capabilities.While analysing the

Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Analysis - Assignment ExampleA higher ratio is recommended since it indicates the firms ability to raise revenue from the investments. The 7th socio-economic class had the best performance with approximately 24% return on equity this was followed by the 5th category the 7th year exceeded the investors expectations while the 5th met the investors expectations. This is favorable to the stockholders since it implies that for every dollar invested the shareholder received 24 cents. The worst periods were 8th, and 10th year with negative ROI meaning the company was operating at a loss and 9th year when the ROI was 0.Stock Prices -Stock prices in most cases show the firms performance, a method of communicating to the public. The prices are expected to increase as the company grows. From the graph the investors have been expecting the prices to grow, the 5th and 7th years met these expectation while the suspension of the years failed to do so. This is a bad image of the company and shows inefficient operations.In conclusion, the EPS, ROI, and stock prices are necessary tools to indicate on the firms performance and management efficiency. It is clear from the analysis that the 7Th year was the best performed followed by the 5th year. Poor performances were in 8th, 9th and 10th

Inter Personal Communication between people from different cultures Essay

Inter Personal Communication between plurality from different cultures - Essay ExampleIt also increases the levels up to which people tend to during talk in various cultures and ethnic relationships.Communications keeps happening. As the saying goes, you can non not communicate. On analysis of the interview the people from the Asiatic cultures provided to me and the answers that could be obtained from them with regard to the effective communication methods among the community was found to have the following1. Interpersonal communication in most of the Asian countries follow a formal structuring. The teacher in the community is addressed as sir or with a respect over tone and not by his her name. This is valid for all seniors in the household, neighbors and other senior people whom the person comes across. Whereas, in contrast, the American way of addressing such people is by their name with a Mr or Ms or Mrs as the case whitethorn be and this considered as lack of respect in case of the Asian communities. The same becomes valid when you are a senior person, an American may not mind it rather would like you to address him as Mr Senior Person, but in the case of the Asian Community if a person is addressed so or with the first name, it was always found that the people tend to take offence. 2. In America when one meets the person he wants to discuss business with, it is through with(p) immediately on meeting the person. The welfare of the person or the family or other such things which are extraneous to the topic of the meeting is hardly discussed. It is ordinarily to the point. In case of the Asian communities, the tendency is to first create a personal rapport before commencing the business talk. Pleasantries will be exchanged to a greater degree trying to know the welfare of the person, his family may be his parent was sick and the person will be asked about all these. This is considered as a part of the involvement in the deal. After getting so oftentim es closer, the logic is one does not try to cheat the other. Getting right off to the point might appear snobbish to people from these cultures.3. Interpersonal communication tends to be more personal and develops a rapport in most of the Asian cultures, whereas in the case of American cultures the relationship is more business like. There is no face lost in the business or linked to the business in case of American businesses. In the case of Asian businesses, it is more often the face that matters and the kind of relationships that one develops over a period of time. This possibly is the rationalness why develop or getting into Asian markets is stiffer for new comers whereas it is not so for the American markets.4. When meeting a stranger, the touch is not as much a part of the Asian culture as it is in the case of the American or European cultures. Some of the Asian cultures do practice a culture of embracing when a stranger is met for the first time, while certain others do onl y a folding of the arms or bending the system to the front in solemnity. Most of the Asians do not touch a stranger when they meet for the first time. Though of course, when they meet the second time, the embracing or the holding of the hand does take place. Touch of the hand is more of a solidarity indication as

Research report on Mobile Commerce in developing countries Assignment

Research report on Mobile Commerce in developing countries - Assignment ExampleThe evolution of Smartph angiotensin-converting enzyme hardware and software features is a engine room that has allowed the deployment of this technology in the 21st century more than ever before. While this technology may have taken shape in developing countries, the one-third world countries are expanding the use of this technology daily and this is giving business in these countries a new face. The purpose of this paper is to examine the deployment of m-commerce technology and the confused perspectives that this technology has changed the face of business in the developing countries. Summary In third world countries, there has been a great emphasis on the inquire to upgrade the traditional business trends to more modern and dynamic business strategies that would upgrade their business style and drive business beyond the international boundaries. ternary world countries are characterised by high pov erty level, retarded business progress and high budget deficits that have seen these countries become heavily indebted to financial support organizations such as the World Bank (Lee and Benbasat, 2004). However, majority of these countries are endeavouring to put an end to the high poverty levels that have continued to supress the economy of these countries. ... According to Boadi (2006, p.3), gold coast is one of the countries that have continued to wallow in big debts with the World Bank being one of its major debtors. The country deployed a strategic modeling known as the Ghanas poverty reduction strategy (GPRS) that was geared towards a more modernized form of trade and investment. In this framework, the government laid an emphasis on the adoption of information technology in the business sector to ensure that the benefits of innovation and business efficiency. As of now, Ghana has easily drifted from the traditional business culture to a business culture that adore the valu es the computer, internet and wireless technology in business innovation. The internet is one of the elements of m-commerce that has now revolutionized business, not only in Ghana but also in other developing countries. Through the internet, the business organizations are able to shop their products on their website platform not only in their local countries but also in the international markets. The computer technology has revolutionized trade by providing handiness to online services that allow organizations to serve remote customers at their comfort. Currently, these devices have become cheap and basic user hardware that has transformed trade in this country. other notable element of m-commerce has come along with the evolution of telecommunication industry in the recent past. As opposed to the traditional telecommunication technology when leased lines were common, modern telecommunication industry has shifted to use of mobile and personal digital assistant devices that have unique features relevant in m-commerce

Candide El Dorado sequence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Candide El Dorado sequence - Essay ExampleCandide and Cacambo are appreciated in this strange land. Their host, the male monarch and the old man together personify the goodness inherent in all human beings. Remember Candide has had a rough time since his fleeing the home of the Baron. He nearly gives up on the concept of equality and fairness. Despite the lessons received from Conegondes tutor - the philosopher on equality of humanity, the harsh conditions in flavor alter his mentality towards a state of despondency (Shmoop 32). eldorado therefore, offers an opportunity to dream again of a just society. Once again Candide is offered a lifeline. He has a reason to live more and appreciate life for what it is. The comparisons by Candide of the life in Westphalia and the life in Eldorado serve to show that Eldorado offers humanity a fair share of life. Candide compares the smiles of the schoolmaster to that of the old man, the kind of excuses given by the old man and even the life liv ed by the royal house under the queer compared to life in the barons palace. The depiction is of a people respectful of the sanctity of life. The society in Eldorado regard life. They purpose to preserve life. This is a major difference from the new(prenominal) cities and places Candide visits in his journeys (Voltaire 24). In his own land, he was forced out merely due to his unpermitted fundamental interaction with the daughter of the baron. This is due to an intolerant despot in the person of the baron. He represents the irony of societal leaders. Ideally, leading was for maintenance of order, peace and harmony. Leaders are anticipate to be servants of the people. However, the barons demeanor full of contempt towards his own subjects who he openly discriminates offers the least of that. Consequently, Candide is denied with the pleasure and privilege of engaging with the barons daughter Conegonde. Therefore, the warm reception Candide receives in Eldorado surprises him. This is a significant aspect of leadership. The author depicts the king in Eldorado as the rightful(a) leader. The reception to the kings residence not only amuses Candide but depicts the humility of the royalty in Eldorado (Wilson and Reill 201). Eldorado is a world of liberalism. The king allows ideas and pursuit of individual happiness. The bigotry and hypocrisy of other world leaders are openly disdained. The Eldorados are free to trade finished the market system. Merchants, currency and commerce in general exist without an exploitative regime. The king does not hide behind service provision to collect taxes (Kohler and Magill).While other governments and societies employ the concept of laissez faire, they frustrate the spirit through the abuse of state resources. The free market system ideally views the government as the facilitator of free markets. It is on this premise that they pay taxes to enable governments provide the facilitating environment. However, in society, the govern ments of the day have continually abused state authority to satisfy their own selfish interests. The leadership of the king departs from this tradition. He allows economic empowerment. He uses the resources efficiently for the benefit of the people. Ideally, the author uses this to show his disdain of governments. He champions patriotic leadership that has the interest of the people at heart (Voltaire 24,25). Further a veiled effort to chide class struggles in society emanates. The primary reason that leads to Candide

Conflicts In Earnings Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Conflicts In Earnings Management - Essay ExampleEmpirical studies suggest that managers have the propensity to report earnings that overhaul the forecast of analysts, precisely because negative earnings surprises tend to trigger adverse market responses and critical judgment of managerial ability and performance. This fact leads companies to implement strategies that melt off the likelihood of undershooting expectations of the analysts. Several authors have explained that companies may avoid reporting negative earnings in a number of ways. One of those ways is to apply discretionary accruals in order to manipulate earnings in the positive direction, which is also referred as accrual based earnings management (Badertscher, et al, 2009 Cohen, Dey & Lys, 2008). Another way is to embellish the real earnings management technique, where managers undertake actual economic actions so as to maintain accounting appearances. Although earnings management technique is employed precisely to m eet forecast of the analysts, it entails a fair sh are of consequences when this technique abused. This fact leads the researcher to comment on accounting parody, whose occurrences has plagued the world economy significantly. Accounting fraud can be committed by individuals in the form of implementing earnings management techniques frequently or by abusing the creative accounting methods. There are a number of motives that might compel an individual to take such an action (Das & Kim, 2011). Firstly, companies might resort to account manipulation strategy.

Consumer Behavior Essay Example for Free

Consumer Behavior EssayConsumer fashion is an attempt to understand predict human actions in the buying role. It has fictional growing importance under market-oriented or customer oriented marketing planning management. Consumer way is defined as all psychological, societal physical behavior of potential customers as they become aw ar of, evaluate, purchase, consume, tell some others about product services. * Each element in this definition is important.* Consumer behavior involves both idiosyncratic (psychological) processes group (social processes). * Consumer behavior is reflected from awareness right through post-purchase evaluation indicating satisfaction or non-satisfaction, from purchases * Consumer behavior includes communication, purchasing consumption behavior * Consumer behavior is basically social in nature. Hence social environment plays an important role in shaping buyer behavior. * Consumer behavior includes both consumer business buyer behavior In c onsumer behavior we consider not only why, how, what people buy but other factors such as where , how often, and under what conditions the purchase is made. An understanding of the buyer behavior is essential in marketing planning programmes. In the final analysis buyer behavior is one of the most important keys to successful marketing.MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING purchaser BEHAVIOURCULTURAL FACTORSCultural factors exert the broadest and deepest influence on consumer behavior. The roles played by the buyers culture, sub culture and social class are particularly important. * CULTURE- cultivation is the most fundamental determinant of a persons wants and behavior. The growing child acquires a set of values, perceptions, preferences, and behavior through his or her family or other key institutions. * SUB-CULTURE- Sub-culture includes nationalities, religions, racial groups, and geographical regions. M any sub-cultures make up important market segments, and marketers often design marke ting programs tailored to their needs. * SOCIAL CLASS- Social classes are relatively homogenous and enduring divisions in a society, which are hierarchically ordered and whose members share similar values, interests, and behavior. Social classes do not reflect income wholly but also other indicators such as occupation, education, and area of residence.SOCIAL FACTORS* REFERNCE GROUPS- A Persons reference groups populate of all the groups that have a direct or indirect influence on the persons attitudes or behavior. Groups having direct influence on a person are called rank and file groups. * FAMILY- The family is the most important consumer buying organization in society, and has been researched extensively. Family members constitute the most influential primary reference group. * ROLE AND STATUSES- A persons stake in each group that he participates throughout his life family, clubs, and organizations can be defined in terms of role and status. A role consist of activities that a person is expected to perform. Each role carries a status. Marketers are aware of the status symbol potential of products and brands.PERSONAL FACTORSA buyers decisions are also influenced by personal characteristics. These include the buyers age stage in the life cycle, occupation, stinting circumstances, lifestyle, personality self concept. * date STAGE IN THE LIFE CYCLE- People buy different goods services over their lifetime. They eat baby food in the early years, most foods in the growing mature years special diets in the later years. Peoples taste in clothes, furniture recreation is also age related. * OCCUPATION- A persons occupation also influences his or her consumption pattern. Marketers try to identify the occupational groups that have above average interest in their products and services. A company can even specialize its products for certain occupational groups. * ECONOMIC CIRCUMCTANCES- Product choices are greatly affected by ones economic circumstances. Econo mic stability consist of their spend able income (its level, stability and time pattern), saving and assets (including the percentage that is liquid), debts, borrowing power, attitude toward spending versus saving.* LIFESTYLE- People coming from the aforesaid(prenominal) subculture, social class occupation may lead quite different lifestyles. A persons lifestyles the persons pattern of living in the world as expressed in the persons activities, interests opinions. * PERSONALITY AND SELF-CONCEPT- Each person has a distinct personality that influences his or her buying behavior. By personality, we mean a persons distinguishing psychological characteristics that lead to relatively consistent and enduring responses to his or her environment. Personality can be a useful variable in analyzing consumer behavior, provided that personality type can be classified accurately and that strong correlations exist between certain personality types and product or brand choices. mental FACTORSA pe rsons buying choices are influenced by four major psychological factors-motivations, perception, learning, beliefs and attitudes. * MOTIVATION- A person has many needs at any given time. A need becomes motive when it is aroused to a sufficient level of intensity. Motivational researchers hold that each product is capable of arousing a bizarre set of motive in consumers. * LEARNING- When people act they learn. Learning involves changes in an individuals behavior arising from experience. Learning theory teaches marketers that they can build up demand for a product by associating it with strong drives, using motivating cues and providing positive reinforcement. * PERCEPTION- Perception is the process by which an individual selects, organizes, interprets information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world. A motivated person is ready to act. How the motivated person actually acts is influenced by his or her perception of the situation.* BELIEFS ATTITUDES- A belief is a des criptive thought that a person holds about something. Through doing learning, people acquire beliefs attitudes. These in turn influence their buying behavior. Particularly important to world(prenominal) marketers is the fact that buyers often hold distinct disbeliefs about brands or products based on their country of origin. An attitude is persons enduring favorable or unfavorable evaluations, emotional feelings, and action tendencies towards some object or idea. People have attitude toward almost everything religion, politics, clothes, music, food, and so on. Attitude put them into a compose of mind of liking or disliking an object, moving toward or away from it.

The Role of Grammar in Language Teaching & Learning Essay Example for Free

The Role of Grammar in Language Teaching Learning EssayIntroductionIn this ever changing world, the barriers to communication and understanding moldiness be lowered. The science of linguistic skills requires that one must be fitted to master it and intent it to communicate effectively to people who argon using that same lyric poem, c be position for instance. For submiters of this particular wrangle to communicate effectively, instructors in the spoken wording arts have a actually important social occasion to play in dogma every aspect of slope, particularly its grammar and manipulation. This is because, to understand and be understood, grammar is an important part of quarrel and communication. The slope LanguageThe English speech, a expression belonging to the Germanic lyrics branch of the Indo-European verbiage family, is widely spoken in six continents. It is the primary nomenclature of the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia, Ireland, in the r aw Zealand, and various Caribbean and Pacific island nations it is as well as the functionary style of about 45 nations including India, the Philippines, and many sub-Saharan African countries.Other than this, it is the abet close to widely spoken native lecture in the world, the puzzle tongue of more than than 350 million people, and the most widely taught hostile phraseology (Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, 2006). The United Nations uses English non exclusively as one of its ap blockageed languages plainly also as one of its two working languages. The language is also the dominant international language in communications, science, business, aviation, entertainment, diplomacy and the Internet (The capital of South Carolina electronic Encyclopedia, 2003).UsageEnglish relies primary(prenominal)ly on rule book battle array usu each(prenominal)y subject-verb-object, to indicate coitionships between words. But many, including native loudspeakers of the language, ar gon still decision it hard to use the language correctly.In the past, there have been those willing to provide guidance to the public on correct usage of the language. Americas most far-famed lexicographer, Noah Webster, for instance, published a dictionary and speller which taught non only spelling but also pronunciation, common sense, morals, and good citizenship. Other lexicographers have also seek to produce material that would serve as guide for the public regarding correct use of the English language (Encyclopedia of American History, 2006).Like other languages, English has changed greatly. English easily borrows words from other languages and has coined many new words to reflect advances in technology. Changes of every sort have taken place concomitantly in the sounds (phonetics), in their distribution (phonemics), and in the grammar (morphology and syntax) (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2003).English is the most widely learned and used language even in non-native English speaking nations. It is widely learned and used for communication purposes especially in the academe and in businesses. Because of this wide use of the language, it has a good deal been referred to as the global language or the knife franca of the modern era. It is currently the language most often sought and taught as a second language around the world (Wikipedia, 2007).GrammarToday, use of formal threadbare English is required in the workplace and in the academe. It is the language of most educational, legal, governmental, and professional documents. It is used in newspapers, magazines, and books. It is the English we hear from radio and television announcers and persons devising formal speeches. It is the language spoken in international commerce. Hence, many schools are focused on instruct students proper English speaking and writing skills.English grammar is a body of rules specifying how meanings are created in English. Basically, English is a subject verb object (SVO) language, meaning, it prefers a sequence of subjectverbobject in its simplest, unmarked asserting(a) statements. But word disposition is a complicated matter in English (Wikipedia, 2007).Standard English can vary in different situations, but certain conventions or rules within it are fairly constant, and well-educated people deem them worthy of being observed. That is why the name type is applied to this regeneration of English. If a person wants to succeed in the academic and business worlds, as well as in many other pursuits, he or she must master the conventions of Standard English. clod and casual EnglishStandard English is used in so many different situations. Its use whitethorn pass from casual telephone conversations to formal speeches, that it would be impossible to name a particular kind of English appropriate for each situation. Two domains of Standard English may be distinguished, however, and that is formal English and informal English.Formal English, exch angeable formal dress and formal manners, is a language for special occasions. It is several(prenominal)times referred to as literary English. It is also the language used in serious writing. It is used in formal essays, essay answers to examination questions, formal reports, research papers, literary criticism, studious writings, and addresses on serious or solemn occasions.Formal English is likely to include words that are rarely used in ordinary conversations. The sentences are likely to be more elaborately constructed and longer than those of ordinary writing. Contractions are rarely used. Formal English pays close attention to refinements in usage and avoids slang.Informal English, on the other hand, is the language most individuals use most of the time. It is the language of most magazines, newspapers, books, and talks intended for general audiences.The conventions of informal English are less(prenominal) rigid than those of formal English. Sentences may be long or short, an d they are likely to sound more like conversation than the stately rhythms of formal English. Contractions often appear in informal English, and sometimes a slang expression is used.Excellent Language SkillsWhile individuals can generally speak about three kinds of English formal standard, informal standard, and non-standard, the lines between them are non always easy to draw. One kind of usage shades into a nonher. An expression that one may think of as being informal may turn up in a formal address. A slang word or informal that originates in non-standard English may expire an acceptable part of the informal vocabulary. Many words and constructions which one may think of as belonging to standard speech may come into use among speakers of non-standard English. This essentially means that the great majority of words and ones ways of putting them together are common to all three kinds of English.If the language conforms to the conventions of Standard English, ones main concern wi ll be to vary his or her specific word choices to meet a particular need. The need will be determined by the nature of the audience, whether one is speaking or writing.There will be times when one cannot be sure whether a particular word or expression is suitable for the occasion. One can get help with his or her decision by turning to a textbook on grammar and usage, by turning to a dictionary, or by consulting a special book on English usage. Most of all, one can pay closer attention to the preferences of people who speak the language with obvious care.With careful observation, one may also notice that the rules of grammar are useful but not an invariably reliable guide to usage. Grammar describes the system of a language. Usage, however, is concerned with appropriate forms of expression. The two grammar and usage are not always the same, for language is a living and growing thing, and life and growth are not always logical. The people who use a language are constantly changing it. Since the rules of grammar describe the way the language works, when the system changes, the rules also change.Importance of English GrammarEffective speaking and writing goes beyond unmixed acceptance of the most appropriate grammatical rules. It embraces such qualities as clarity, forcefulness of expression, honesty, originality, freshness, and often, brevity. Yet the conventions of Standard English should never be underestimated as the essential footing of good speaking and writing. If one deviates from the conventions of Standard English, people will think more about how one is expressing himself or herself about what he or she is saying. any language that calls attention to itself or strikes listeners as unsuitable to the situation gets in the way of communication. For instance, if an applicant speaks casually with a prospective employer, as he or she does with close friends, that applicant may ruin his or her chances of getting the job. Moreover, if a person jokingly us es non-standard language around strangers, then these people who hear the speaker may get the impression that he or she does not know Standard English. It is thus important to know the different forms of English to make bracing choices from them.Language TeachingEnglish is underlyingally the medium of focusing in most schools all over the world. In teaching the English language, most teachers go about with the parts of speech, their identification and their function. For some students, the study of English may point to certain aspects that are already familiar, like grammar for example, but for others, especially for those who will learn the language formally for the first time, grammar will not be very familiar.Grammar is important. It gives learners the ability to talk about language by providing a terminology and a system of contourification. Also by making a learner aware of the basic patterns of English sentences, grammar can help the learner incur a vary and interesting style in their speaking and writing. This is one of the main goals of the study of English.Teacher and Learner RolesOne can hardly imagine a language skill situation in the absence of interaction between and among students, fellow students, the teacher and the textbook. Every time a student interacts with any of these sources, he or she makes various hypotheses about what is being learned, and accepts or rejects them, trying out new ones.In an attempt to learn a foreign language, the student-learner is dependent on other people with whom he or she can interact with, as he or she develops a wide range of strategies which will be tested only in a communicative context. According to Thanasoulas (1999), these strategies can be distinguished in three categories production strategies, comprehension strategies and interactive strategies. These strategies will not be explored in this paper. However, what is being pointed at here is the importance of human interaction in the schoolroom or education setting as a break for successful language learning and intellectual, turned on(p) and companionable outgrowth (Thanasoulas, 1999).The Teachers RoleIt has been suggested that language teaching is a complex issue, encompassing linguistic, psycholinguistic, socio-cultural, pragmatic, as well as instructional and curricular dimensions. There are numbers of factors contributing to the dynamics of the educational mathematical process, such as internationalism and the pragmatic military position of the foreign language (e.g., English), teaching and learning styles, and program characteristics. For example, the general expectation by students, parents and teachers that learners should achieve a high take aim of proficiency in English when they leave school influences twain language policies and how foreign language learning will evolve.Furthermore, the teaching-learning process reflects different cultural traits and traditions. In some cultures, students tend to lookin g at more at ease in the classroom, expressing their viewpoints and agreement or disagreement in others, a passive attitude towards the teacher and the target language is more common.For instance, Greek society and its educational system opt rote memorisation, while western countries, in general, do not value it. Instead, they practice and take wads of drills to perfect their study of grammar and the English language. Moreover, such issues as the degree of preparation of teachers and the validity of testing and evaluation procedures can have a tremendous have-to doe with on language learning (Thanasoulas, 1999).As is patently obvious, the task or act, one may say, of teaching encapsulates a lot more than merely providing instruction and guidelines for students. It presupposes a psychological and philosophical companionship on the teachers part, so as to combine techniques in class, as well as sufficient command of the basic structure of human existence, with a view to assessing any situation accurately and appropriately (Thanasoulas, 1999).Clearly linked to the roles defined for the learner are the roles the teacher is expect to play in the instructional process. Teacher roles, too, must ultimately be relate both to assumptions about national and, at the level of approach, to particular views of language and language learning. Some instructional systems are totally dependent on the teacher as the source of knowledge and direction others see the teachers role as catalyst, consultant, diagnostician, guide, and model for learning still others try to teacher-proof the instructional system by limiting teacher initiative and building instructional content and direction into texts or lesson plans.Teacher and learner roles define the type of interaction characteristic of classrooms in which a particular method is being used. Teacher roles in methods are related to the following issues the types of functions teachers are expected to fulfil (e.g., practice directo r, guidance, model), the degree of control the teacher influences over learning, the degree to which the teacher is responsible for determining linguistic content, and the mutual patterns assumed between teachers and learners (Richards, 1994 23).Undoubtedly, the teacher is called upon to perform several functions in foreign language learning. These are the following teacher as director and manager teacher as counsellor and a language resource and teacher as a model and independent language user (Thanasoulas, 1999).The Teacher as a Director and Manager. One of the main concerns of the teacher as a director and manager is to create a warm, stimulating atmosphere in which the students will flavor secure and confident.It is very important for learners to feel very much at home with both their teachers and fellow-learners, if they are to be expected to venture out into the duncical waters of foreign language learning, to experiment with new and strange sounds, and to role-play in a l anguage which they have barely begun to learn (Papaefthymiou-Lytra, 1993 95).Apart from assisting in creating the skillful atmosphere, the teacher should also make decisions on the materials to be used, as well as the activities and games which will best accord with the learners needs and abilities. Inasmuch as learners do not necessarily share the same cognitive and linguistic abilities, or interests and motivation, it is incumbent on the teacher to choose a wide variety of materials and teaching techniques and strategies in order to respond to the students interests and capacities.To this end, the teacher is supposed to organize the class, deciding whether a specific role-play or game will be simulated in pairs or in groups. Bearing all this in mind, the teacher may help develop a learner-centred approach to foreign language learning, as he / she takes into theme the learners preferences, tailoring the materials and strategies to their needs (Thanasoulas, 1999).The Teacher as Co unsellor and a Language Resource. The second function that the foreign language teacher is expected to fulfil is that of counsellor and a language resource. In other words, the responsibility is on the teacher to provide the learners with the necessary input in order to foster understanding of the relation between grammar, language, and communication. In short, the teacher must modify and simplify the language used according to the needs arising in each communicative situation, and to the grammatical competence and language proficiency of the students. In addition to simplifying teacher talk, it is also the teachers prerogative to resort to miming and facial expressions (Thanasoulas, 1999).Learning and teaching is multi-sensory and everything in the classroom and method must imply that learning is relaxing, fun and possible to be attained (Papaconstantinou, 1991 35).Moreover, the teacher as a language resource should help learners to usher in themselves with, and acquire a taste f or, the target language and culture. It is the teachers duty to make explicit that language is not to be held in a vacuum but should always be learnt in connection to its users and the uses to which it is put.In light of this, grammar, though it is very important, should not be the sole reference point in foreign language learning the teacher has to draw his students attention to the socio-cultural and pragmatic aspects of the foreign language, in order to help them assess the accuracy and appropriacy of the language they produce, both at the sentence level and the dis argumentation level. As J. C. Richards (1994 157) notes, a focus on grammar in itself is not a valid approach to the development of language proficiency.The teacher as a counsellor and a language resource should see it as her goal to provide enough remedial work, in order to eradicate students errors, and encourage learners to develop their own learning strategies and techniques, so as to discover the answers to their own questions (Thanasoulas, 1999).The Teacher as a Model and breakaway Language User. In order to become a successful communicator and model for learners, the teacher should promote a wide range of behaviours and psychological and social relationships such as solidarity and politeness.Often learners have difficulties in comeing these behaviours because of the psychological and social distance that there exists between learners and materials. As a result, learners have a tendency to adopt the teachers language behaviours to indicate attitude and role relationships, rather than those presented in materials. This is understandable, of course, since the teacher is a live model, a real human being to whom they can more easily relate (Papaefthymiou-Lytra, 1993 101).In short, the teacher should help learners to negotiate meaning in the target language by his or her own active union in it, and act as a mediator between the linguistic and extra-linguistic context of foreign language le arning, as these are reflected in the textbooks and audio-visual aids, etc., or literature, one by one (Thanasoulas, 1999).Teachers play an essential role in the foreign language classroom. Not only are they directors and managers of the classroom environment but they also function as counsellors and language resources facilitating the teaching-learning process. In addition, teachers can become models and independent language users in order to overcome the inherent shortcomings of the foreign language classroom environment (Papaefthymiou-Lytra, 1993104).The LearnersWhat roles do learners play in the design of educational programs and systems, and how much leeway are they left with in contributing to the learning process? In the last two decades or so, there has been a shift from Cognitive and Transformational-Generative Grammar Approaches to a Communicative view of learning. Learners, who were formerly viewed as stimulus-response mechanisms whose learning was the product of practic e reminding one of the well-known(a) dictum, Repetitio est mater studiorum are nowadays regarded as individuals who should have a say in the educational process.The role of the learner as negotiator between the self, the learning process, and the object of learning emerges from and interacts with the role of joint negotiator within the group and within the classroom procedures and activities which the group undertakes. The implication for the learner is that he should contribute as much as he gains, and thereby learn in an interdependent way (Breen and Candlin, 1980 110, cited in Richards, 1994 22-23).Three Factors Responsible for Student LearningAge, cognitive and learning factors. Age variation in foreign language learning and learning differences between children and adults are significant factors that must be taken into account in choosing the right approaches, design and procedures.Experiments have shown that there are a lot of biological factors at work in language learni ng. In young learners, both hemispheres of the brain are responsible for the language function, while at puberty it is only the left hemisphere that takes over, which makes language acquisition and learning more difficult. This process is called lateralisation and it may be responsible for learning differences between children and adults.Cognitive and learning styles, already acquired through mother tongue, may influence foreign language learning. According to Papaefthymiou-Lytra, Of all personality characteristics attributed to individuals, certain cognitive and learning variables have been researched to determine the degree of their influence on successful foreign or second language learning. These are field-dependence and field-independence, formal operations, the monitor and foreign language aptitude (Papaefthymiou-Lytra, 1993 84-85).Field-independent individuals are more analytic by inclination and tend to learn through reasoning faculties, whereas field-dependent individuals view learning in toto, acquiring knowledge subconsciously.Piagets formal operations theory relates to adults more mature cognitive capacities as opposed to the unconscious mind automatic kind of learning (Genessee, 1977, 148, cited in Papaefthymiou-Lytra, 1993 85) that characterizes young learners less mature cognitive system. According to this theory, adults are thought to deal with the abstract nature of language more easily than young learners it is very often the case, though, that young people may prove better learners in the long run.Another factor that influences language learning is the monitor use employed by learners.Three types of monitor users have been identified over users, under users and optimal users. Over users are associated with analytical conscious learningOn the other hand, under users are associated with subconscious learning and extrovert personalitiesFinally, the third category is that of optimal users who seem to be the most efficient (Papaefthymiou-Lytra, 1993 85-86).Social and affective factors. Successful foreign language learning calls for an examination of the social and affective factors at work. First of all, the teacher should take into consideration the social proficiency which learners have attained. By social proficiency we mean the degree to which the learner employs, or taps into, the foreign language in order to communicate and negotiate meaning or achieve certain social goals.Some learners, for example, may complain when their classmate uses their pens or pencils because they have not learnt to use language in a socially accepted way. For instance, they cannot cope with making requests, asking permission, giving condolences, etc. It is worth noting that different cultures favour different attitudes on the part of the learner and, as a result, it is very probable that most of these situations do not necessarily reflect lack of social proficiency.Apart from social factors, affective factors also play an important role a s they may facilitate or preclude learning. It is a commonplace that an atmosphere that fosters and promotes confidence and emotional stability will produce better students. Harmony in the classroom helps relieve tension and keeps the door to language processing open. A teachers task is like that of an orchestra conductor, who tends to fly into higher spheres, and has a tendency to fly and pull himself and the others above everydays problems towards a more creative reality (Papaconstantinou, 1991 65).In this reality the learner may easily identify with the teacher and venture out into new aspects of the target language, dealing with it in her own, individual way. Unless she feels at ease with her teacher and her fellow-students, she will not learn. If she feels rejected and is afraid of being told off or scoffed at whenever she makes a mistake, she will withdraw from the educational process and lag behind, both cognitively and emotionally.Consequently, the content of materials for c lassroom use as well as classroom practices should be compatible with the affective variables influencing learners (Papaefthymiou-Lytra, 1993 90).Learners needs and interests. Indubitably, a successful course should consider learner needs. For this reason, the concept of needs analysis has assumed an important role in language learning. Needs analysis has to do with the aims of a course, as these are determined by the uses to which the target language will be put on completion of the programme.For example, is our aim to achieve a high level of language proficiency or are we called upon to respond to the needs of, say, adult learners who need to master specific skills, such as academic writing or note-taking? All these parameters will have to inform the methods and techniques we use in class, as well as the materials design we are supposed to implement in order to achieve the best results.With regard to learners interests, it is worth noting that we, as teachers, should be cognizant of the differences between children and adolescents. For instance, the former are interested in body movement and play, whereas the latter(prenominal) want to learn about human relationships in general and achieve a deeper understanding of their abilities, with the aim of maturation a sound personality and character.It has become evident that foreign language learning is far from a simple, straightforward process where teachers are the purveyors of knowledge and students the passive subjects who receive that knowledge. For successful foreign language learning, students must have both the ability and desire to learn. Otherwise, the objectives we set are doomed to failure.Foreign language teachers, therefore, must be flexible enough and cranky enough to respond well to the individual learning preferences, interests and needs of their learners in terms of materials, techniques, classroom methodology and teacher talk. After all, language learning is not a monolithic process since not all personality and environmental factors can be kept under control in a foreign language situation (Papaefthymiou-Lytra, 1993 94).Grammar in Communicative Language TeachingLinguists define grammar as a set of components phonetics or the production and perception of sounds phonology or how sounds are combined morphology, which refers to the study of forms, or how elements are combined to create words syntax referring to how words are strung together into sentences and semantics or meaning. Because all languages are characterized by these components, by definition, language does not exist without grammar (Musumeci, 1997).Musumeci (1997) asserts however, that grammar has not always been defined in these terms. Originally, the term grammar, grammatica, referred to the art of writing, as compared to rhetoric, rettorica, the art of speaking. As used today by many teachers and learners, grammar is loosely understood to be a set of rules that govern language, primarily its morphology and s yntax. But morphology and syntax are only two components of grammar. Communicative language teaching has brought a renewed emphasis on the role that semantics plays in the definition of language. Communicative language teaching is fundamentally concerned with making meaning in the language, whether by interpreting someone elses message, expressing ones own, or negotiating when meaning is unclear.Viewing grammar with all of its components helps learners as language teachers understand the complexity of what it means to know the grammar of a language. Clearly, the goal of language learning in the communicative classroom is for learners to acquire the grammar of the second language in its broadest sense, to enable them to understand and make meaning that is, to become proficient users of the second language. Research and experience have shown that explicit teaching of grammatical rules, even if linguists were able to formulate them all, does not produce such competence (Musumeci, 1997) .Adnan (n.d.), however, disagrees with this contention of Musumeci and asserts that there are many aspects of SLA such as the strategy of learning, the role of communicative language teaching, the role of formal grammar teaching etc.Adnan (n.d.) attempts to study the role of formal grammar teaching for two reasons First, this has generated a great debate in second language teaching and a lot of research has been do on it. Second, there is an indication that grammar teaching has been neglected in English teaching in favour of developing communicative competence in language which results in students having poor knowledge of grammar.Now, some people have called for the return of grammar teaching into the English class to solve the problem. It was noted that similar problems occurred in the immersion program in Canada. Although Krashen (1982) praises the program for producing learners with very high levels of second language proficiency, many researchers have for some time recognised t hat immersion learners fail to recognise some grammatical distinctions (Ellis, 1994).According to Adnan (n.d.), the Indonesian language teaching circle are growning to use the communicative approach and he is concerned that if this circle gets affected by the strong view that only communicative activities are important in developing second language proficiency, and therefore, grammar teaching is of little importance, this may lead to the same problems.He stresses in his study that he is not advocating a grammar dominated classroom or a return to grammar translation method. Nor is he trying to advocate that communicative activities are not important either. It is stressed that they are also very important.What is being done is discuss the research findings on the role of grammar teaching so as to have a good understanding of what it can put out and what problems it has (Adnan, n.d.).It was determined that there were some problems that occurred in grammar teaching. And these were it can have deleterious effects, e.g. avoidance of certain grammar points which once traumatised the learner (Pienemann, 1987), it can demotivate if the teaching is not interesting, it can lead to wrong generalisation (Lightbown, 1983 Felix, 1981), and it can be ineffective if the learners are not ready. (Pienemann, 1987).Nevertheless, the advantages are the following formal grammar teaching can correct accuracy Ellis (1989) Pica (1985) Lightbown and Spada (1990), it can accelerate acquisition when learners are ready (Pienemann, 1987) it can help eliminate inappropriate use of expressions (Adnan, 1994), and it can result in new knowledge (Pienemann, 1984).In light of this, it is clear that to improve learner acquisition of a second language, there is a need to consider teaching grammar at an appropriate time. Spada (1987) suggests that formal instruction may work best when it is combined with opportunities to engage in natural communication. Ellis (1990) explains how formal instructi on works. According to him, the main mechanism by which instruction works is by developing explicit knowledge of a grammatical feature which subsequently helps learners to acquire implicit knowledge (which in his mind is responsible for actual performance). Pienemann argues that grammar should be taught only when learners are ready for it.In an extensive review of research in the second language acquisition, Ellis (1994) suggests that the ideal approach to teaching is the combination of both formal teaching and engaging students in communicative activities. This is also supported by research findings in good learners studies which generally concluded that successful learners pay attention both to forms and functions i.e. engage in communicative use of the language.Pienemanns argument, namely teaching grammar when learners are ready, that is, when they begin to use it and ask about it, is appealing. This is also in line with Krashens hypothesis of comprehensible input. However, most have not had a standard sequence of the acquisition order of a different language like say Adnans language which is Indonesian, by foreign learners though it is noted by Adnan that this is being done as they do in English and German.Before the learners are ready, grammatical explanation is kept to a minimum or presented indirectly through games or other types of exercises. Learners at tertiary levels (or perhaps adults in general) appear to need grammatical explanation from an early stage. But it is believed that time should not be sacrificed to develop communicative mainly oral skills in favour of detailed grammar teaching. Their needs should be met by providing grammar books which explain grammar in language that they can understand.ReferencesAdnan, Z. (n.d.). The Role of Formal Grammar Teaching on Second Language Acquisition A Review of Research and on Views. Retrieved on March 5, 2007 from http//intranet.usc.edu.au/wacana/2/grammar.sla.htmlCrystal, David (1997). 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